Without continued disturbance from

The Couesnon is a river running from the département of Mayenne in north-western France, forming an estuary at Mont-Saint-Michel. It is 97.8 km (60.8 mi) long, and its drainage basin is 1,124 km² (434 sq mi). Its final stretch forms the border between the historical duchies of Normandy and Brittany. Its historically irregular course, shifting between two beds to the north and south of Mont-Saint-Michel until eventually settling on the southern one, inspired the saying Le Couesnon en sa folie mit le Mont en Normandie as the Mont is just to the Norman side of the river’s current mouth. However, the modern administrative boundary separating the two regions does not follow the river course; it is some six kilometres west of the Mont.

Forest restoration is defined as \"actions to re-instate ecological processes, which accelerate recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of climax forest\", i.e. the end-stage of natural forest succession. Climax forests are relatively stable ecosystems that have developed the maximum biomass, structural complexity and species diversity that are possible within the limits imposed by climate and soil and without continued disturbance from humans. Climax forest is therefore the target ecosystem, which defines the ultimate aim of forest restoration. Since climate is a major factor that determines climax forest composition, global climate change may result in changing restoration aims. Additionally, the potential impacts of climate change on restoration goals must be taken into account, as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns may alter the composition and distribution of climax forests.